EHDD ONEder Grant Report

Author: EHDD

In 2020 EHDD received a ONEder grant from One Workplace to engage students, faculty, and thought-leaders in a dialog to think beyond the current challenges and reimagine a new vision of Higher Education. Our report includes a toolkit for designers and educators, including ideas, research, and resources. Now is our chance as designers to contribute and lead in a time of significant change to reimagine learning environments in equitable, healthy, and innovative ways. Let’s continue the dialog!

https://online.flipbuilder.com/vzlw/nxeo/

EHDD Announces Expansion to the Pacific Northwest

Author: EHDD

EHDD is pleased to announce that Seattle-based Patano Studio Architecture (PSA) is officially joining San Francisco-based EHDD. The merger formalizes the firm’s expansion plans to build a more significant presence on the U.S. West Coast. With this merger, Christopher Patano, Founder of PSA, becomes a Partner at EHDD.

“EHDD has been an unquestioned leader at the intersection of design, technology, and sustainability,” said Christopher Patano. “For over a half-century, the firm has fostered a culture of design that is responsive to clients’ needs while being responsible to future generations. Our merger with EHDD is a natural part of our progression as both individual professionals and as a community of creators in a rapidly changing world.”

EHDD creates transformational environments with many clients and design-build partners with offices in both the Bay Area and the Puget Sound region. With a greater Northwest presence, the company is ideally situated to serve clients and partners in the Western U.S.

“The Pacific Northwest, through culture, technology, and economy, is shaping the world we live in,” said Duncan Ballash, President and Principal of EHDD. “We look forward to deepening our involvement in the region through Chris’ leadership in Seattle.”

An award-winning design firm known for pioneering zero energy building design for over two decades, EHDD’s expanded practice can positively impact sustainable building practices and mindful development across a broader region.

“We are thrilled for this opportunity to deepen our partnership with a team that shares our collective curiosity and belief in the power of design to build a better future, “said Rebecca Sharkey, EHDD Principal.

About EHDD

EHDD is a global design firm headquartered in San Francisco, CA. Founded in 1946, EHDD seeks to create built environments that enhance our culture, honor the natural environment, and respect and delight the people who use them. EHDD serves clients worldwide in Education, Commercial and Workplace, Mixed-Use Development, Aquariums, Museums and Science Centers, and Government. EHDD is a seven-time winner of the AIA COTE Top Ten Award and is featured in “The Habits of High-Performance Firms, Lessons from Frequent Winners of the AIA COTE Top Ten Award.” Visit EHDD at www.ehdd.com.

About Patano Studio Architecture

Founded by principal Christopher Patano in Seattle, WA, Patano Studio Architecture has been a proven design leader in the Pacific Northwest since 2003. PSA’s design-first, the award-winning practice has completed projects across Washington, Oregon and Idaho, recently earning the international 2020 Architecture Master Prize Award for the Goldendale Observatory, among other notable awards.

Transformations: Our Vision for Existing Buildings

Author: EHDD

At EHDD, we are forward thinking. We think and design with tomorrow in mind, and we are making that future more sustainable. We recognize the importance of existing buildings, and transform them into certified, sustainable structures that can carry us into the future. Reimagining what exists is a key tenet of our climate positive practice – Read more about our Adaptive Reuse Process Here.

Introducing EHDD’s Early Phase Carbon Assessment Tool

Author: Brad Jacobson

Published: Sept. 23, 2020

We recently introduced our vision and call to action for  Climate Positive design and advocacy. Today, I am pleased to describe a big step we are taking to execute this vision with the internal release of the EPIC tool. EPIC stands for “Early Phase Integrated Carbon assessment” and it fills a critical gap. It allows our designers — and eventually, our clients – to set carbon targets and identify the most impactful measures early in the project process. We see this as complementary to life-cycle assessment and product optimization tools like  Tally and  EC3, which are crucial later in design.

Why is the EPIC Tool so essential?

When designing for carbon neutrality, we need to keep two critical elements in mind:  first, the amount of potential savings we can achieve with each reduction measure, and second, the time frame of those savings.  Due to the urgency of climate change, we need to prioritize strategies that produce considerable savings fast. The EPIC tool brings together operational and embodied carbon impacts and potential sequestration measures, on a level playing field and measured over a project life cycle so we can see more clearly where we get the biggest, and most immediate, bang for the buck.

There is also urgency around when actionable information is available to designers and building owners. The carbon footprint trajectory is cast very early in the project timeline with a handful of critical decisions: how big is the project? How much of the program is in an existing structure? What is the structural system? Is it based on all-electric systems?

Whole building life cycle assessment (WBLCA) is essential for project accounting and fine-tuning, but the specificity it requires means it is typically completed towards the end of the schematic design phase. Usually, the decisions noted above have already been made at that point. The EPIC tool provides high level benchmarking and target-setting guidance at the earliest moments in project conceptualization to show designers and owners what is possible and guide critical decisions.

Two snapshots of the tool are shown. The first tab defines the project baseline using easily known parameters including project size, type, baseline structural system, and location. The second tab introduces a range of carbon reduction options, and graphically shows the resultant path to carbon neutrality. In any scenario, some amount of sequestration (shown in green below the line)  through the use of biogenic material (ex. wood), site planting, and/or net-positive energy is necessary to get there.

For example, for our UCSF Clinical Sciences Building renovation project, set to open later this year, the decision to reuse the existing historic structure proves to be the most impactful reduction when I entered the project data into the tool. But reuse was not the only option on the table initially. This tool would have  helped confirm the decision to renovate. It also puts into context the carbon benefit of energy efficiency and the PV installation. It also shows the impact of continued reliance on a mixed-fuel central plant instead of electrification.

The EPIC tool is currently in the BETA phase as we employ it on our current work at EHDD. We look forward to using it, breaking it, refining it, and sharing it more broadly with our community.

Interested in EPIC? Use the tool for free at epic.ehdd.com.

July 2020 Associate Promotions

Author: EHDD

Please join us in congratulating Heidi Hanzawa, Samantha Lautman, Jay Manzo, Jessica Sano, and Yew-Hoe Tan on their promotions to Associate at EHDD.

Heidi Hanzawa, NCIDQ has the longest tenure at EHDD among the Interiors Group. She began as an intern while completing the interior design program at the San Francisco Academy of Art, during which time she spearheaded a major overhaul of EHDD’s sample library. Heidi has a diverse portfolio of projects in every market sector, including the KQED Headquarters, Lick Wilmerding High School, CSU Sonoma Stevenson Hall, and the Pacific Visions Expansion at the Aquarium of the Pacific. Heidi is especially skilled at making a client’s vision come to life, and making interior spaces welcoming to all.

After earning her BFA degree from the California College of the Arts, Samantha Lautman, AIA spent years as an exhibiting artist and printmaker. This background informed Samantha’s knowledge of physical materials in her work as a construction administrator. Addressing both artistic challenges and technical demands have been a constant within Samantha’s career. Her passion for learning leads her to gain a deep understanding of a problem, and apply strategic thinking to come up with creative solutions. She also uses her artistic training to design feature elements in buildings, such as the glass block wall at the Toledo Aquarium. Samantha brings a unique perspective to the field and remains on the cutting edge of design.

When Jay Manzo, AIA, LEED^® AP^BD+C joined EHDD, he brought his New York mindset and curiosity for how buildings can best serve their communities. Most recently, Jay worked on the Nonprofits Insurance Alliance of California Headquarters project during the design phase and saw it through to its completion.  Additional projects include the UC Santa Cruz Science and Engineering Library Renovation and the Cupertino Library Expansion project. These projects were especially beloved to Jay; he spends his weekends exploring local libraries and opining on the value of books and libraries as the heart of their communities. He has been a great mentor to colleagues and has recently indoctrinated a new generation of young architects while hosting a summer camp event at the office.

Jessica Sano, AIA, LEED^® AP^BD+C NCARB has been an integral designer on several important EHDD projects, including the renovation of Giannini Hall at UC Berkeley, the design of KQED’s newly reimagined San Francisco Headquarters, and a conceptual design for a New Zealand National Aquarium in the City of Napier on the north islands east coast. Currently, Jessica is working on a new aquarium project for the Kansas City Zoo. Jessica’s contemporary design sensibility and strong technical knowledge inform her leadership on some of EHDD’s most complex and high-profile work.

Yew-Hoe Tan, AIA, LEED^® AP^BC+C has deep experience and expertise with large and complex buildings.  He has represented EHDD throughout construction administration on an extensive renovation of UC San Francisco’s Clinical Sciences Building — one of EHDD’s most technically challenging projects.  Yew-Hoe is a leader in the firm’s efforts to reimagine and restore historic buildings for their next life and is at the forefront of innovation in the field of architecture.

 

About EHDD
Founded in 1946, EHDD seeks to create built environments that enhance our culture, honor the natural environment, and respect and delight the people who use them. Headquartered in San Francisco, EHDD serves clients around the world in Aquariums, Museums, and Science Centers, Education, Corporate Office, Mixed-Use Development, and Government. EHDD is a Top 10 AIA COTE honoree, and featured in “The Habits of High-Performance Firms, Lessons from frequent winners of the AIA COTE Top Ten Award.”

Research Fellowship Program: Welcome Jack and Jerome

Author: EHDD

EHDD is thrilled to inaugurate a Research Fellowship Program this summer in lieu of our traditional student internships. This fellowship allows us to partner with students from outside the architectural profession to advance interdisciplinary research.

Jerome Wang brings a background in public health, experience with Berkeley Innovation (a student-run consulting group at UC Berkeley studying indoor public spaces) and UCSF Better Lab, and deep empathy for our research on how to design healthy campuses in a post-C19 world.  He is creating customized EHDD Wellness Assessment Guidelines for Higher Education Projects.

Jack Rusk is developing a customized EHDD carbon assessment tool for early-stage design. His background in environmental management and architecture is leveraged to build a parametric model that looks at both operational and embodied carbon emissions and their potential reductions on our projects.

These could not be more timely collaborations. Be on the lookout for upcoming blogs on these exciting tools.

Climate Positive: Design and Advocacy

Author: Brad Jacobson and Scott Shell

Some say it is too early to focus on anything but COVID-19. We say this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to refashion our work, and our lives, towards a vision of a better world. We will pick up the pieces: how we put them back together is up to us.

We are struck by the parallels between COVID-19 and our larger, slower-burning Climate Crisis, by the consequences of inaction in the face of science, of underfunding vital research, of insufficient and slow response. In light of the urgency for action commensurate with the scale of the climate change challenge, and the need for a clear vision for the built environment moving forward, EHDD is committing to advancing what we are calling Climate Positive design across our portfolio.

Debra Roberts, the IPCC Co-Chair, warns us that “the next few years are probably the most important in our history… Limiting global warming to 1.5°C require rapid, far-reaching, and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society.” The challenge is one of speed and scale. A few exceptional buildings by elite firms will not get us there. We need strong policies, transformative innovations, and replicable approaches that lift all boats.

Our vision will be advanced in concert with our clients and collaborators towards the ultimate goal of a built environment that is genuinely Climate Positive by 2030. If EHDD’s portfolio can get there by 2030, we hope California can do so by 2040, and the rest of the US by 2050. To say this is ambitious is a grand understatement: it is the most significant transformation since the dawn of the industrial revolution.

Here is our opening salvo in five parts:

• No on-site fossil fuels
• Maximize efficiency and PV
• Design to use energy when it is clean

•  Reduce concrete and steel impacts
•  Design systems and landscape for carbon sequestration
•  Seek profound material innovation

•  Design transformation for existing buildings
•  Avoid new embodied emissions
•  Retrofit for high performance

• Recognize the risks of a changing climate
• Design robust, passive, localized systems
• Integrate battery-PV in microgrids

• Advocate for all-electric codes
•  Speed and scale are essential
•  Support advanced policy through a real-world perspective
•  Partner with allied organizations

To execute on this vision, here are three of the key actions we are taking right now:

Perform carbon assessments on all of our projects

As an industry, we are where we were roughly ten years ago on energy modeling. At that time, very few knew what an EUI was let alone if 25 or 250 kbtu/sf/yr were good targets for an office or lab building. Today we need to understand the actual carbon impacts of our buildings, no matter where the carbon originates. We need to build literacy around what big levers exist and how operating and embodied emissions compare. You can only manage what you measure.

Focus on radical reductions in structure-based emissions

We will continue our encouraging work on mass timber and ultra-low cement concrete while partnering to explore new structural solutions and breakthrough innovations that we sorely need. These up-front emissions are our most significant opportunity to take big leaps immediately when we need it most.

Advocate to advance all-electric codes

Over the past two+ years, we have spent many nights attending city council and planning commission hearings, explaining how our industry is ready today for ALL buildings to be run on clean electricity. Our local political leaders are looking to us for advice and guidance on how to reach decarbonization goals that are effective and equitable. We ask you to join us in publicly advocating for new codes and policies to quickly transform the built environment.

Join us in creating a better future. Let’s aim higher than simply a return to the way things were.

Image References

1. EHDD graphic
2. EHDD graphic from C40 Reinventing Cities Competition
3. UC Santa Cruz Coastal Biology Building photographed by Michael David Rose
4. Lick-Wilmerding High School photographed by DroneBase

Image Captions

1. EHDD is committed to a Carbon Positive future
2. EHDD reached carbon neutrality on its C40 Reinventing Cities competition entry through a life-cycle approach to both embodied and operating carbon. A stepping down from baseline to design case led to full carbon neutrality 15 years after occupancy.
3. A wood exterior at the LEED® Gold UC Santa Cruz Coastal Biology Building sequesters carbon while avoiding the use of energy-intensive cladding materials like aluminum or concrete.
4. Lick-Wilmerding High School is committed to net-zero energy use. The ultimate goal is for the special features of the project to educate the users and make them more aware of sustainability and equity issues beyond the building or campus itself.

The Design Evolution of Student Housing Beyond COVID-19

Author: Conor Dunn

I first heard the phrase “Alone Together” from a UC San Diego student last year on a panel at a Higher-Education-focused design conference, well-before any whispers of the forthcoming pandemic. She invoked the idea in response to a question we Architects ask clients on every project, “What do you want from your communal spaces?” The student spoke about “Alone together” within the context of design goals, describing students’ desires for flexible spaces where they could study or lounge, see, and be seen to feel connected while also being productive. Of course, #AloneTogether has recently evolved into a very different and unifying meaning for the entire world, but the trend of such flexible spaces is more relevant than ever. When students return to campuses, such spaces can help them feel connected in a new world of social distancing and offer administrators adaptability for future preparedness. As COVID-19 responses change the world around us, and institutions strategize how to embrace a new normal, we can consider several such recent Higher Education design trends that might also help students reclaim their campus community and student life.

 

Smaller and Virtual Classrooms

Institutions were already thinking about and planning for longer-term shifts to virtual instruction. Now, that timing has been dramatically accelerated. A recent Cornell study noted a switch to teaching large lecture courses online and teaching smaller seminars face-to-face “would not appreciably reduce the interconnectedness of students.” (1) Housing could easily adapt bedroom or study spaces into Zoom conference rooms, which could flexibly support several students taking the same virtual classes or forming study groups to boost the feeling of a learning community. Just as many of us are feeling exhausted by workdays packed with video meetings, students experience similar fatigue, and they’ll need to rely on each other through in-person networks for recovery and support (2).

 

Communal Kitchens in Student Housing

UC Berkeley Vice Chancellor and CFO Rosemarie Rae believe that “Communal kitchens are the plan for the future,” in part due to data collected last year showing students’ apartment-style kitchens were only being used 5% to 20% of the time (3). Communal kitchens might be re-sized for group-quarantine and pandemic recovery too. We can anticipate an aversion to mass-group dining halls to continue in the near future. Kitchens that can serve multiple students not only improve individuals’ sense of self-reliance and resilience but also strengthen their immediate network of roommates and neighbors when engaging in a family-style cooking experience.

 

Daylighting and Venting

In many post-occupancy studies about the attributes that contribute to preferred social and study environments, access to views, daylighting, and the outdoors consistently rise as the most important features. Access to both has long been favored by designers encouraging wellness in interior environments; now, during quarantine and for potential future sheltering, they are more critical than ever. Exterior air venting and circulation is not only a sustainable design strategy; it now helps to implement CDC recommendations that we better ventilate and significantly reduce the recycled air of our interior environments. (4)

 

Increased Unit Density

In response to our affordable-housing crisis, many housing renovations and new residential buildings have been boosting bed-density to drive down rental rates. In tandem, bathrooms and lounges are being broken-out to join the aforementioned communal-kitchens in larger group-living spaces that serve more units and students. Four-bedroom units are typically the first to be rented, and a recent project of mine saw five, six, and even seven-bed units. When these units flank the communal spaces to form ‘pods,’ they effectively create micro-neighborhoods, and such groups of 15-50 students are right-sized for what Dunbar referred to as “Sympathy Groups” and “Close Networks,” respectively (5). For this and potential future Shelter-in-Place directives, such layouts are ideal for students who choose to “quaranteam” — to band together and support each other in the face of pandemic trauma. (6)

President of Pomona College, Gabrielle Starr, astutely notes that “human connection is key to generating and testing knowledge, unleashing creativity, and fostering the emergence of a new generation of thinkers and problem solvers. Now we must reimagine what community looks like after fundamental disruption.” (7) These planning trends suggest that we were already on the right track in effectively redesigning student communities, likely because they originated with flexibility, affordability, sustainability and connectivity as some of their primary goals. We cannot let COVID-19 disrupt such intentions, as they are now more necessary than ever to foster student success.

 

Bibliography

1. https://osf.io/6kuet/
2. https://www.mindful.org/zoom-exhaustion-is-real-here-are-six-ways-to-find-balance-and-stay-connected/
3. Bisnow’s Bay Area Student Housing & Higher Ed Summit at Hotel Nikko in San Francisco, 2019
4. https://www.abbae.com/technical-learning/covid-19/
5. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20191001-dunbars-number-why-we-can-only-maintain-150-relationships
6. https://us.cnn.com/2020/04/17/us/quaranteam-coronavirus-wellness-trnd/index.html
7. https://www.chronicle.com/article/How-Will-the-Pandemic-Change/248474?key=Q-8a5P7D5OHujVB3ZSRDR1GphAxyJHteTzvSQOkhcVQD5MtPBXKCPh-DWXbb-Sfhdms2YmlfdmpYbVhMdk8zdDI4aU9RVHF4ZG1Qbkhwa0dxMWZaMTA2VFBHcw

 

Image References

1. UC Berkeley Maximino Martinez Commons. Photo: Russell Abraham
2. https://zolostays.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Screenshot_20190731-182654__01-min.jpg
3. http://www.studenthousingguide.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/MG_44621.jpg
4. https://media.treehugger.com/assets/images/2017/12/fabrica-coliving-apartment-space-scholarship-3.jpg.650x0_q70_crop-smart.jpg

Where Are We Going to Live?

Author: Miguel Nieto

“The top three priorities we are currently addressing, 1. Housing, 2. Housing, and 3. Housing,” said John Rahaim, San Francisco’s acting Planning Department Director, as he addressed a crowd of architects, developers, and construction industry insiders at this year’s Facades conference. Rahaim continued to outline the challenges which have plagued the housing market –  escalating construction costs, development fees, arduous and lengthy approvals, often among multiple jurisdictions, and the need to find low equity options for the region’s disadvantaged residents. He addressed the misconception that “if there isn’t housing, then more people won’t move here.” His office’s research and his own experience have led Rahaim to the conclusion that as long as there are jobs and other economic opportunities, people will continue flocking to the Bay Area, expecting housing to work itself out. As we have seen in recent years, this ever-expanding demand, combined with ballooning salaries of technological and financial professions, has stressed the market and created what many have been calling a housing “bubble” in the region, with eye-watering prices and no vacancies.

Bubble or not, it seems clear to most that if the region is to continue to prosper, more space needs to be made. This reality is evidenced in a 2018 report by the City of San Francisco Planning Department, which found, “63% of the Bay Area’s housing stock is single-family homes,” and “15% are 20+ units” (Rahaim & al, 2018). Although there is agreement the region’s housing market is in crisis, many efforts to address shortages have generated more controversy than consensus, with an array of different governmental and private sector groups fighting to see their ideal vision of growth enacted (Fang, T.).

Although a clear path forward has not yet been established, people tend to acknowledge that more housing is needed and quickly. Ideally, this new, repurposed and infill construction is an excellent opportunity to explore new forms of housing that provide a more diverse set of financial, social, and architectural possibilities–the refined versions of which will serve to make the region more resilient in the face of future pressures.

Our region is familiar with alternative housing models, and many different communities have emerged out of thoughtful collaborations between city governments, residents, designers, and planners. As a young resident of the Bay Area, I am familiar with many friends and colleagues who have pursued non-traditional housing options in order to live affordably, or as a way to create new networks, among other reasons. Listed below are three of the models which are most prevalent and successful in our area, although others exist:

Co-housing:

One of the typologies that have gained some traction in the Bay Area is the concept of Co-housing, a model where each resident has a private unit that is centered around a common space such as an outdoor patio, kitchen, or living room. The organization of the community is democratic and encourages residents to interact through shared meals, events, and other cooperative structures. Several successful projects in this vein exist throughout the Bay Area:

1. Swans Market, Oakland
2. Phoenix Commons, Oakland
3. Mountain View Co-Housing, Mountain View
4. Pleasant Hill Co-Housing, Pleasant Hill

This housing model seems to be the most normative in its financial model, with individuals still owning and controlling private property. However, it affords many progressive benefits such as the potential to dramatically increase density, perform more sustainably, and create strong social connections between residents.

Limited equity housing collectives (LEHC):

This model of housing is meant to make homeownership more affordable and is centered around a non-profit which owns the property and then sells its shares to prospective buyers. Owners of the shares have rights to the unit and to participate in the democratic operation of the community. When selling their shares, owners are typically not given any profits from the inflation of the price, if any, as this money goes back to sustain the organization. These organizations tend to be smaller and, in our area, typically don’t build their property but instead pool resources together to buy an existing structure. One of the successful projects of this type is the Parker Street Cooperative, a LEHC formed in Berkeley in 1988. The building has 24 units, a mix of studio and 1 BR, and the current share price for a 1 BR is $21,000. Although “Federal programs and cultural attitudes that helped launch a majority of the large limited-equity co-ops across the nation are long gone–this model of resident-controlled, long-term affordable housing may be experiencing new interest” (Ortiz, 2017).

Co-living:

This term is the loosest of these models but has recently become associated with a more contemporary notion of living arrangement, where residents rent out a small private space and share most of their other space with others. This trendy model is meant to appeal to a younger generation less interested in homeownership and more in shared experiences, flexible live/work environments, and other amenities that are provided by a parent organization.

Companies of this type have been popping up quickly around the Bay Area with Haas, HubHaus, OpenDoor, Roam, and Starcity, to name a few. The most prominent of these, Starcity, has recently received approval from the city of San Jose to build a 790 unit building, which will feature “65% bedrooms, and 20% of the building is dedicated to communal spaces and kitchens” (Brinklow, 2019). Although many have criticized these projects as glorified dorms lacking true solutions to affordability, their popularity clearly suggests Bay Area residents are willing to consider alternatives to traditional housing typologies in search of a different financial, social, or architectural reality.

The housing models listed above are just a few of the alternative typologies that exist in the Bay Area. No one model will solve our issues. Some of the models are best suited to older residents who are looking for community, while others are best when serving young professionals looking for an affordable place to live while starting their career. Generally, we need to be more flexible and understand all the possibilities at our disposal in order to make informed suggestions about what is best suited where. As stewards of our built environment and compassionate community members, the onus is on us architects and designers to explore the intricacies of these and other models. We must question how appropriate design can be an ally–building upon prospective housing models’ strengths while limiting risks and weaknesses, and helping to create a more diverse and, therefore, resilient market for housing in the region. As a young architect, I am tremendously motivated by this challenge. For me, it is an amazing opportunity to be a part of the coalition who will shape the future character and vibrancy of our home for the better.

Bibliography

Bowles, N. (2018, March 4). Dorm Living for Professionals Comes to San Francisco. Retrieved from New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/04/technology/dorm-living-grown-ups-san-francisco.html

Brinklow, A. (2019, February 27). San Jose approves co-living ‘dorms’ for downtown area. Retrieved from curbed:  https://sf.curbed.com/2019/2/27/18243252/san-jose-coliving-dorms-starcity-housing-crisis

COHOUSING IS…. (2019). Retrieved from McMant and Durrett Architects the co-housing company: http://www.cohousingco.com/cohousing

Fang, T. (2019, July 18). Over 8 In 10 Bay Area Residents Agree State In Housing Crisis, Poll Finds. Retrieved from CBS SF Bay Area: https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2019/07/18/housing-crisis-bay-area-california-quinnipiac-poll/

Kristy Wang, B. G. (2017, September 21). Retrieved from SPUR: https://www.spur.org/news/2017-09-21/could-germany-s-co-developed-urban-housing-be-model-bay-area#

Ortiz, L. (2017, April 15). Will Limited-Equity Cooperatives Make a Comeback? Retrieved from Shelterforce: https://shelterforce.org/2017/04/25/will-limited-equity-co-ops-make-comeback/

Rahaim, J., & al. (2018). San Francisco Housing Needs and Trends Report. San Francisco: San Francisco Planning Department.

Trust, B. A. (n.d.). Cohousing and Limited Equity Cooperatives: What’s the Connection. Retrieved from http://bayareaclt.org/docs/cohousing_and_limited_equity_co-ops.pdf

Wang, K., & Grant, B. (2017, September 21). Could Germany’s Co-Developed Urban Housing Be a Model for the Bay Area? Retrieved from SPUR: https://www.spur.org/news/2017-09-21/could-germany-s-co-developed-urban-housing-be-model-bay-area#

Image References

Image 1: Mountain View  Co-Housing Community http://mountainviewcohousing.org/

Image 2: Parker Street Cooperative (LEHC) http://parkerstcoop.org/

Image 3: The Guardian – https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/15/happy-together-lonely-baby-boomers-turn-to-co-housing

Image 4: PYATOK – http://www.pyatok.com/work/project/112/SWANS-MARKET

Images 5: Starcity co-living https://www.citylab.com/life/2019/06/cohousing-san-jose-room-for-rent-starcity-coliving-housing/590731/